![]() Of Europe, many of which are descendants of Latin or have been heavily It was largely replaced by written versions of the vernacular languages An enormous quantity of medieval Latin literature was produced in a variety of different styles ranging from the scholarly works of Irish and Anglo-Saxon writers to simple tales and sermons for a wider audience.ĭuring the 15th century, Latin began to lose its dominant positionĪs the main language of scholarship and religion throughout Europe. Over the centuries the spoken varieties of Latin continued to move away from the literary standard and eventually evolved into the modern Italic/Romance languages ( Italian, French, Spanish,Įven after the collapse of the western Roman Empire in 476 AD, Latin continued to be used as a literary language throughout western and central Europe. The language used in much early Latin literature, classical Latin,ĭiffered in many ways from colloquial spoken Latin, known as vulgar Latin, though some writers, including Cicero and Petronius, used vulgar Latin in their work. The earliest surviving examples of Latin literature are Latin translations of Greek plays, and Cato's farming manual, which dates from 150 BC. Meanwhile in the eastern Mediterranean, Greek remained the lingua franca and well-educated Romans were familiar with both languages. Literacy was common among Roman citizens and the works of great Latin authors were read by many. ![]() Latin was used throughout the empire as the language of law, administration and increasingly as the language of everyday life. Eventually the Roman Empire stretched across a wide swathe of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Rome gradually expanded its influence over other parts of Italy and then over other parts of Europe. The earliest known inscriptions in Latin date from the 6th century BC and were written using an alphabet adapted from the Etruscan alphabet. Latin was the language of the area known as Latium (modern Lazio), and Rome was one of the towns of Latium. ![]() ![]() Rather than ‘missing the point’ of Spenser's vernacular achievement, the translations extend the remit of Spenserian pastoral.In the 5th century BC, Latin was just one of many Italic languages spoken in central Italy. While Bathurst's translation reveals an interest in Spenser's experience of patronage and poetic career, Dove attends to the poem's religious allegory, political significance, and linguistic agenda, ultimately using his translation to allude to the public disputations of Edmund Campion. It explores the way in which the translations ‘re-allegorize’ the Calender and reproduce Spenser's rustic style. It revises misinformation about the translations, demonstrating that Dove's translation influenced Bathurst's and that Bathurst's is collectively authored. Throughout, it argues for the influence of translation theory on the translations and The Shepheardes Calender. It explores their versions of three aspects of Spenserian pastoral (all prominent in E.K.'s gloss): community and competition allegory and allusion register and rusticity. This article examines two Latin translations of The Shepheardes Calender by John Dove (1584) and Theodore Bathurst ( c.1602) respectively.
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